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Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development
Disorder) 37
Diagnostic Features
The essential features of
intellectual disability (intellectual
developmental disorder) are deficits in general mental abilities (Criterion A) and impairment in everyday
adaptive functioning, in comparison to an individual's age-, gender-, and
socioculturally matched peers (Criterion B). Onset is during the developmental period
(Criterion C). The diagnosis of intellectual disability is based on both clinical assessment and
standardized testing of intellectual and adaptive functions.
Criterion A refers to
intellectual functions that involve reasoning, problem solving, planning,
abstract thinking, judgment, learning from instruction and experience, and
practical understanding. Critical components include verbal comprehension,
working memory, perceptual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract thought,
and cognitive efficacy. Intellectual functioning is typically measured with individually
administered and psychometrically valid, comprehensive, culturally appropriate, psychometrically
sound tests of intelligence. Individuals with intellectual disability have scores
of approximately two standard
deviations or more below the population mean, including a margin for measurement
error (generally +5 points). On tests with a standard deviation of 15 and a
mean of 100, this involves a
score of 65-75 (70
‑+ 5). Clinical training and judgment are required to interpret test
results and assess intellectual performance.
Factors that may affect test
scores include practice effects and the "Flynn effect' (i.e., overly high
scores due to out-of-date test norms). Invalid scores may result from the use
of brief intelligence screening tests or group tests; highly discrepant
individual subtest scores may make an overall IQ score invalid. Instruments
must be normed for the individual's sociocultural background and
native
language. Co-occurring disorders that affect communication, language, and/or
motor or sensory function may affect test scores. “
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